The Ethics of Software Outsourcing :: Software Outsourcing Essays

Analyze whether the United States should outsource software development from several ethical viewpoints.Introduction unceasingly act in your own self interest -- ex-boss legion(predicate) Santa Clara computer engineering professors ask their students where they are working. I am always surprised at the great number of students who are not. If these students are representative of the Silicon Valley job market, then its outlook is bleak. Many of these students ex-jobs have been outsourced to lower cost countries such(prenominal) as India and now the Philippines. Software outsourcing has been a boon for such countries, creating many well paying jobs and stimulating their economies. Software outsourcing may also be a unclutter benefit to the United States economy while hurting these students greatly.Many people in other professions vexation that the outsourcing wave pull up stakes spread to their jobs. This fear has focused renewed attention on this previously software and manufactur ing jobs issue. Many of todays arguments for and against outsourcing are based on ethical viewpoints. Many Americans argue that American companies should be supporting Americans or that the playing field is not level. In contrast, American companies almost invariably argue that it is their ethical obligation to maximize shareholder value. Many Indians and Indian companies argue that outsourcing has been a net benefit to America and that this trade promotes a common good. Some Americans take the opposite view, seeing outsourcing as a detriment to common good.Utility ViewpointOutsourcing makes businesses more(prenominal) competitive, increasing their exports and their profits and placing more investment surpluses in their hands which can be deployed to make more jobs -- Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1)The utilitarian viewpoint states that an ethical question should be decided on the basis of the greatest good. Opponents measure utility for American workers and by implic ation the American economy. They argue that the loss of jobs will lead to the gutting of the middle class and the ruination of an economy based it. They point to the first net loss of American jobs in a Presidential term since Herbert Hoover as evidence. American programmers, in particular, are facing the highest unemployment rates ever mensurable for the group (2) despite an improving economy. American corporations in favor of outsourcing measure utility for the overall U.S. economy. They argue that outsourcing allows resources to be freed for greater innovation and that outsourcing promotes trade. These, they argue will ultimately create jobs. Opponents counter that what jobs are being created tend to be lower paying service jobs.

Womens Rights Movement in the US :: Womens Liberation Movement

In early societies, wo men bore children, cared for the home, and helped maintain the familys economic production. men hunted, make war, and, in settled societies, assumed primary responsibility for field crop production. Male dominance, however, was important from the time of the earliest written historical records, probably as a result of mens discovery of their role in development of hunting and warfare as status activities. The belief that women were naturally weaker and inferior to men was also certified by god- centered religions. In the bible, god placed Eve under Adams authority, and St. Paul urged women to be obedient of their husbands. In Hinduism the reward of a proper woman is rebirth as a man. Therefore, in most traditional societies, women generally were at a disadvantage. Their education was limited to learning municipal skills, and they had no access to positions of power.Some exceptions to womens dependence on men did exist. In ancient Babylonia and Egypt women ha d property rights, and in medieval Europe the could join craft guilds.Men of the misfortunateer classes also lacked rights, but they could console themselves by feeling superior to women.The Enlightenment, with its egalitarian political importance, and the Industrial Revolution, which caused economic and social changes, provided a favorable clime for the rise of feminism, along with other reform movements in the late 18th and the 19th centuries.Of deeper significance for women was the Industrial Revolution. The transformation of handicrafts, which women had always carried on at home, without pay, into machine-powered mountain production meant that lower-class women could become wage earners in factories. This was the beginning of their independence, although factory conditions were hazardous and their pay, lower than mens, was legally controlled by their husbands. At the same time marrow and upper-class women were expected to stay at home as idle, decorative symbols of their hus bands economic success. Such conditions encouraged the feminist movement.Rapidly industrializing Great Britain and the U.S., feminism was more than successful. The leaders were primarily educated, leisured, reform-minded women of the middle class. In 1848 more than 100 persons held the first womens rights convention, at Seneca Falls, New York. Led by the abolitionist Lucretia Mott and the feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton, they demanded sufficient rights, including the vote and an end to the double standard. In the U.S. progress was slower. The number of working women increased virtually after the two world wars, but they generally had low paid, female- dominated occupations, such as school teachers and clerical work.

Marmon Group :: essays research papers

Accountants at the Marmon Group, Inc. act as internal consultants for the company in many different capacities. Jim Smith, Marmons prior director of cost management says that the role of the management accountant is changing dramatically in most of our companies. managerial accountants are not seen any longer as simply clerks working on monthly reports but as valuable assets to senior management. Management accountants at Marmon work closely with managers by helping to analyze cost and operating information. They help in decision making by helping managers relate the trading operations of the company to the bottom line and company costs. According to Horngren, Sundem & Stratton (2005) management accountants are becoming an advisor for managers about what information would be useful, what information is available, and how to get the unavoidable information (pg. 17). These accountants have become a key part of formulating the financial and business strategies of the company and are an essential part of working toward the boilers suit positiveness of the organization. Effective managerial accountants need a wide range of knowledge from both the accounting and the financial aspects of the business as well as overall general business administrative knowledge. A background in the use of general accounting practices as well as information for planning and control, performance evaluations, decision-making, and the statement of cash flows, along with financial statement analysis are key areas managerial accountants should have confidence in. To be an effective internal consultant it is vital that a strong understanding of the general functions of the company and how they interrelate to the ultimate profitability of the organization is a large portion of the consultants background. Accountants gather information to be used in different kinds of ways both internally within the organization and externally for the general public and alfresco agencies. Information is produced for stockholders who may review a prospectus or an annual financial report when determining whether or not to invest in the company. Organizations much(prenominal) as banks and suppliers are given information in determining credit eligibility and purchase arrangements for the company.

Capital Punishment :: essays research papers

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Capital Punishment--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Should Christians support the death penalty? The resolving power to that question is controversial. Many Christians feel that the Bible has spoken to the issue, but others believe that the New will ethic of love replaces the centenarian Testament law. Old Testament ExamplesThroughout the Old Testament we find many cases in which God commands the use of jacket crown penalization. We see this first with the acts of God Himself. God was involved, either without delay or indirectly, in the taking of life as a punishment for the nation of Israel or for those who threatened or harmed Israel. One example is the flood of Noah in Genesis 6-8. God destroyed all human and animal life except that which was on the ark. Another example is Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 18-19), where God destroyed the two cities because of the flagitious sin of the inhabitants. In the time of Moses, God took the lives of the Egyptians first-born sons (Exod. 11) and destroyed the Egyptian army in the Red Sea (Exod. 14). There were also punishments such as the punishment at Kadesh-Barnea (Num. 13-14) or the rebellion of Korah (Num. 16) against the Jews wandering in the wilderness. The Old Testament is replete with references and examples of God taking life. In a sense, God used peachy punishment to deal with Israels sins and the sins of the nations surrounding Israel. The Old Testament also teaches that God instituted capital punishment in the Jewish law code. In fact, the principle of capital punishment even precedes the Old Testament law code. According to Genesis 96, capital punishment is based upon a belief in the sanctity of life. It says, "Whoever sheds mans blood by man his blood shall be shed, for in the image of God, He made man." The Mosaic Law set forth numerous offenses that were penal by death. Th e first was murder. In Exodus 21, God commanded capital punishment for murderers. Premeditated murder (or what the Old Testament described as "lying in wait") was punishable by death. A second offense punishable by death was involvement in the occult (Exod. 22 Lev. 20 Deut 18-19). This include sorcery, divination, acting as a medium, and sacrificing to false gods. Third, capital punishment was to be used against perpetrators of sexual sins such as rape, incest, or homosexual practice. Within this Old Testament theocracy, capital punishment was extended beyond murder to cover various offenses.

Privatization In Russia Essay -- essays research papers

For some, the privatization of Russian industry has been one of the great success stories of Russias painful economic transition quick, firm and radical action was taken to shift the great bulk of Russian industry out of state hands, thereby laying the stem for a radical restructuring of enterprises and improvements in their performance. Others see privatization as a best a failure, at worst a catastrophe. Not surprisingly those opposed to the merchandise and economic reform as a whole sh be this view. But many commentators who see themselves as supporters of reform find plenty in Russian privatization to criticize the process led to the transfer of ownership to inappropriate people and as a consequence no beneficial restructuring of enterprises or the economy stop be expected. While this paper will attempt to cover the three key facets of privatization that enterprises be transferred to private ownership that the new owners be able de jure and de facto to mold ownership rights and, finally and ultimately most importantly, that the new owners exercise their ownership rights in such a way as to bring about improvements in enterprise performance. The key issues to be surveyed, therefore, are who as a result of privatization obtained ownership of Russian industrial assets, and are they appropriate owners try new owners, especially if they are appropriate owners, exercise their ownership rights and has privatization led to improvements in enterprise performance? The paper will deal with privatization only within the industrial field thereby ignoring the highly controversial privatizations of the last twelve months or so in the energy and utility sectors. Who are the new owners?Global selective information showing about 70% of GNP being produced in the private sector reflects the high levels of privatization of industrial enterprises, with the great bulk of enterprises having been privatized by mid-1994. However privatization does non necessarily mean the complete removal of the state from an equity involvement in enterprises. State ownership. The state retains shareholdings in a significant number of privatized enterprises on the basis of government decrees declaring the strategic significance for national security of the enterprise. Shareholdings range from 20 to 51 per cent or a Golden Share (a item-by-item share giving veto rights over certain strategic iss... ...nagers does not stand up. The indications are that they knew what they were doing and judged that outside owners would eventually assert themselves. Gradually they are doing so, and in stages they are improving their ability to exercise and enforce their ownership rights. Sometimes they are doing so in ways that are no less criminal than the methods of the manager-owners. There are also reasons to be concerned about the long-term consequences of the sort of bank-dominated and highly integrated ownership that many of the outsiders have brought. The best that can be sa id at this stage is that all modern economies have at their peak a corporate sector dominated by hulky integrated institutions. Clearly the private sector, and thereby privatization, has to bear some responsibility for an economy in which it has a 70% share but which is unable to provide in anything like adequate proportions growth or welfare. But in this there are other factors also at work. Indeed there are some small indications, at both macro- and micro-levels, of a positive correlation between private ownership and good performance. With time that correlation could well pay back stronger and more evident.

Privatization In Russia Essay -- essays research papers

For some, the privatization of Russian industry has been one of the great success stories of Russias painful economic transition quick, firm and radical action was taken to shift the great bulk of Russian industry out of state hands, thereby laying the basis for a radical restructuring of enterprises and improvements in their performance. Others see privatization as a best a failure, at worst a catastrophe. Not surprisingly those opposed to the market and economic reform as a whole share this view. But many commentators who see themselves as supporters of reform find potbelly in Russian privatization to criticize the process led to the transfer of ownership to inappropriate people and as a consequence no beneficial restructuring of enterprises or the economy skunk be expected. While this paper will attempt to cover the three key facets of privatization that enterprises be transferred to private ownership that the recent owners be able de jure and de facto to exercise ownership r ights and, finally and ultimately most importantly, that the new owners exercise their ownership rights in such a way as to confer about improvements in enterprise performance. The key issues to be surveyed, therefore, are who as a result of privatization obtained ownership of Russian industrial assets, and are they appropriate owners can new owners, particularly if they are appropriate owners, exercise their ownership rights and has privatization led to improvements in enterprise performance? The paper will deal with privatization only at heart the industrial sector thereby ignoring the highly controversial privatizations of the last twelve months or so in the energy and utility sectors. Who are the new owners?Global data showing about 70% of GNP being produced in the private sector reflects the high levels of privatization of industrial enterprises, with the great bulk of enterprises having been privatized by mid-1994. However privatization does not necessarily mean the complete removal of the state from an equity involvement in enterprises. State ownership. The state retains shareholdings in a monumental number of privatized enterprises on the basis of government decrees declaring the strategic significance for national security of the enterprise. Shareholdings range from 20 to 51 per cent or a prosperous Share (a single share giving veto rights over certain strategic iss... ...nagers does not stand up. The indications are that they knew what they were doing and judged that outside owners would eventually assert themselves. stepwise they are doing so, and gradually they are improving their ability to exercise and enforce their ownership rights. Sometimes they are doing so in ways that are no less reprehensible than the methods of the manager-owners. There are also reasons to be concerned about the long-term consequences of the sort of bank- prevail and highly integrated ownership that many of the outsiders nurture brought. The best that can be said a t this stage is that all modern economies have at their peak a corporate sector dominated by large integrated institutions. Clearly the private sector, and thereby privatization, has to bear some responsibility for an economy in which it has a 70% share moreover which is unable to provide in anything like adequate proportions growth or welfare. But in this there are other factors also at work. thence there are some small indications, at both macro- and micro-levels, of a positive correlation between private ownership and good performance. With time that correlation could well become stronger and more evident.

Human Genome Essay

Human cloning involves the creation of a copy of a human cell or tissue that is genetically identical. The major types of human cloning include reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning (National Human Genome interrogation Institute, 2009). Therapeutic cloning involves the use of cells from an adult to be utilise in medicine while reproductive cloning involves making cloned human beings. Cloning has been done on both animals and plants. When done on plants it has been used to raise genetically modified crops.Gene therapy can occur in two forms somatic gene therapy and germline gene therapy. Somatic gene therapy involves removing cells from the patient and adding cloned genes to cells use a viral vector. The cells are amplified and those that have taken up the cloned gene are taken up. The transformed cells are past taken back into the patient (see figure 1). Some of the problems associated with this procedure include transgene integration and immune response killing the viral vector which may be marked as an trespasser by the bodys immune system.The procedure has been used in many clinical trials, mainly for treating cancer. The Adeno associated virus is commonly used in this movement as it does not cause an immune response, it has the ability to enter non-dividing cells and it integrates into a particular location in the genome of its host (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2009). Germline gene therapy is divergent from somatic therapy in that the newly introduced gene is incorporated into all of the cells in the animals body. This includes the germline that gives rise to gametes.The change that has occurred in the process is passed on to the future(a) generation. To produce a transgenic animal, the embryo stem cells could be modified which is done by isolating stem cells and culturing them, adding DNA to cultured cells and selecting the transformed cells (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2009). Once selected, the transformed cells are injected into an early embryo and the embryo is implanted into the female. This produces mosaics in which some cells have different genotypes.Heterozygotes are mated to produce homozygous individuals which are in turn mated to produce a transgenic strain (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2009). A transgenic animal could also be produced by identify DNA injection where the transgene is injected directly into the male pronucleus before the male and female have fused (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2009). The injected DNA integrates into a chromosome and the injected zygote is then implanted into a foster mother (see figure 2). In the figure the baby mouse has the transgene in every cell in its body.Its expression depends on where the chromosome is integrated. Nowadays, however it is possible to have targeted gene insertion in some cases. Some of the medical applications of transgenic animals and plants include the production of model systems for the study of h uman illness for example where a certain gene product is lacking or where a certain gene has been over expressed or where there is a gene variant. An example of this the use of transplanted human stem cells by NIH scientists to remediate the repair of bone injuries in rats (Guldberg, 2010).Standardization of such a treatment it offers a possible alternative to bone grafting operations. One of the successes of stem cell transplants has been seen in the successful attempts of new hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) in reversing reap hook cell anemia in children (Rodgers et al, 2009). Other applications include the production of medically important proteins, the production of vaccines and production of tissues and organs for transplantation. Transgenic plants are also used to improve crops. In spite of these advantages, the issue of cloning still remains controversial.

Uranium Mining in Australia

In the last forty years, atomic number 92 has become one and only(a) of the worlds most pregnant energy exploitrals. Primarily, Uranium produced in Australia has used for the sole production of electricity. However a small proportion of the Uranium mined is for important medical isotopes. It is for this reason that Uranium digging is an ever-important and pressing point of discussion. mining itself has been criticized for the massive effect it on the purlieu around it. Uranium mining is no different, and more often then not, the afterward effects of Uranium mining are more detrimental to the milieu.Unlike other mining, Uranium mining has in any case caused a major stir in the existent use of the Uranium after it has been mined. The environmental problems of Uranium mining go further then the actual mining and by products. The uses of Uranium have been seen as jeopardizey and dangerous. Using Uranium as a source of energy has already shown the disastrous effects. The move down at Chernobyl is electrostatic causing health problems in citizens after 30 years. On the upside, Uranium mining creates employment and boosts the Australian Economy.It is for these reasons that Uranium Mining is a form that needs to be looked at carefully before any judgements are do on its future in Australia. Chemistry Of Uranium and Uranium Mining In the Earths crust, mineral Uranium averages about two parts per million. Traces of Uranium occur just about everywhere on earth. In Australia, the existence of uracil has been noted since the 1890s. In 1930, ores were mined at Radium Hill in South Australia for minute deposits of Radium. The Radium was used for medical purposes.As a result of the Radium mining, a couple of hundred kilograms of uranium was obtained and used exclusively to produce colours in glass and ceramics. In 1954 the politics started up a major uranium producer in Run Jungle, known as Rum Jungle Mine. Because of this Australia began to emerge as a eff ectiveness source of uranium for the worlds nuclear electricity production. 1970s large amounts of Uranium deposits were found dotted around Australia. This signaled the start of mines in the Northern Territory such as Ranger and Jabiluka, and also in South Australia with Olympic Dam.Uranium is found rocks of the earths crust, at 4 parts per million. The extraction (removal) or mining process varies from where the uranium ore deposits are found. Surface cut techniques are used where the uranium ore if found mean to the surface. Surface cut mines involved the uranium being found close to the surface, so the uranium is abolishd from a shallow pit. Fig 1. 0 Ranger Mine found in the Northern Territory. The uranium ore is removed via the bluff cut mining method. Underground mining is used when the ore is found deep underground. In this process, the ore is removed in a similar fashion to copper the mine is built in the ground.Olympic Damn Mine in South Australia, relies on the undergr ound mining process. Another way to remove ore is called In-Situ Leaching. It is a popular way to mine Uranium, as it doesnt affect the arenascape as much as open cut or underground mining. It is used to remove Uranium filled sand that is found in water supply in a porous rock, which itself confined in a non-porous rock. In situ leaching involves a leaching liquid (ammonium-carbonate or sulfuric acid) pumped through drill- holes into underground uranium deposits, with the uranium bearing liquid is pumped out from below.Ore mined in open pit or underground mines, unlike in situ leaching, has to be crushed and leached in a uranium mill. A Uranium mill is a chemical plant designed to extract uranium from ore. It is usually located near the mines to limit transportation. In the most cases, sulfuric acid is used as the leaching agent, but alkaline leaching can also used. As the leaching agent not only extracts uranium from the ore, but also several(prenominal) other constituents like m olybdenum, vanadium, selenium, iron, lead and arsenic, the uranium must be separated out of the leaching solution.The final product produced from the mill, commonly referred to as yellow surface (U3O8 with impurities), is packed and shipped in casks. The reaction between the uranium ore and sulfuric acid. The UO2 is then oxidised. In some cases uranium has been removed from low-grade ore by a process called heap leaching. This may be done if the uranium contents are too low for the ore to be economically processed in a uranium mill. Heaping leaching is performed by using a leaching liquid (often sulfuric acid) being introduced to the top of the pile of ore.The acid or leaching liquid, percolates down until it reaches a liner below the pile or ore, where it is caught and pumped to a processing plant. This liquid contains the uranium. During leaching, the piles of ore present a hazard because of the risk of release of dust, radon gas and leaching liquid. (referenced from Hardy, C J, 1978, The Chemistry of Uranium Milling, Radiochimica Acta 25, 121-134) Nuclear Mining and Milling has a expert social relevance. The go afters from the Uranium mining have serious health risks and environmental hazards. There are many serious environmental arguments over the mining of Uranium.The mining process itself in Australia has strict guidelines, yet the dissipation products from the mining process still have an extremely detrimental effect on the environment. Uranium mill dogs (or waste products from the crushing and leaching of the ore) are ordinarily dumped as sludge in special ponds or piles (heaps). These piles/ponds are then abandoned. The amount of sludge produced is roughly equal to that of the ore milled. Long-living decay products such as the radioactive elements Thorium-230 and Radium-226 are not removed from the sludge. This means that the sludge contains over half of the initial radioactivity of the ore.As well as this, unfortunately, collectible to mainly technical limitations not all of the Uranium present in the ore can be removed in the move process. Therefore, the sludge (which is the waste product) still contains at least 5% of the uranium present in the ore to start off with. The sludge also contains a variety of heavy metals and other contaminants. These acknowledge arsenic, as well as the highly corrosive chemical reagents used during the milling process (such as the sulfuric acid used in leaching). The mining and milling process fundamentally removes the hazardous constitutes in the ore from their relatively safe underground location.Mined Uranium itself does not emit hazardous radiation. Radium-226 found in the tailings continuously decays to the radioactive gas Radon-222. Radon-222 has a decay product that has been thought to cause lung cancer. Radon releases are a major hazard that continues even after uranium mines are shut down. The Radon can escape from the interior of the tailing piles or sludge. Since radon spread s quickly with the wind, many people slang small additional radiation doses. However, in Australia the majority of mines are based away from residential or populated areas.It is a concern for civiliseers though, but with rubber eraser apparatus, the risk factor is non-existent. Tailing deposits are also subject to many different kinds of erosion. During and after a heavy rainfall, erosion gullies can form where the tailing deposits are left. Floods can destroy the whole deposit, leaving it dispersed everywhere. Interestingly enough, plants and burrowing animals can penetrate into the deposit and disperse the material, which subsequently enhances the radon emanation and cave in the deposit more susceptible to erosion. When the surface of the pile dries out, the fine sands are blown by the wind over adjacent areas.Erosion leaves the tailing deposits at a risk of dispersion. Seepage from tailing piles is another major hazard. Seepage poses a risk of contamination to ground and sur face water. This water can be transferred to fish that swim in the water, then to whoever consumes the fish. Tailings dams are more often then not, not of stable construction. In most cases, they were made from sedimentation of the tailing sludge. Some are even built on geologic faults. This means that they are at greater risk of an earthquake. Strong rain or snowstorms can also cause dam failures. It is of no surprise that time after time dam failures have occurred.It was thought that bringing the tailings covert to where the ore was mined would be an acceptable solution for the tailing disposal. Even though most of the Uranium was removed from the material, it did not mean the material was less hazardous. to the highest degree of the contaminants are still present. It is because of the processes the materials have to go through to extract the uranium which leaves the material in a condition where the contaminants are much more nomadic (sludge and sand), therefore the material s usceptible to migration into the environment. In most cases, tailings have to be dumped on the surface for lack of other options.Here, the protection requirements can more slowly be controlled by appropriate methods, but additional measures have to be performed to assure protection from erosion. Uranium mining has also caused some concerns because of where the ore deposits are located. Jabiluka mine is in the heart of Kakadu, a National Park, and also in the mines in the Arnhem region. Aboriginal communities are against the mine sites as they are on their cultural land and heritage. It can be argued however, that with strict regulations in the mining and milling of Uranium, the environmental effects and cultural disturbances can be minimal.The mine-tailing dam should for one not be built on a geological fault. This itself is an obvious way of minimizing the risk of contaminants being released. The site should not be located anywhere near or in the flood plain of rivers, and the lev el of the dam should be deep. If there is any seepage from the tailing dam, it shouldnt pose a risk to the ground water. During investigation of the site, ground water flow has to be monitored, to allow development of computer based three- dimensional ground water models. These models can be used for prevision of effects of supposed or real contaminant releases.This in itself can show the health and risk factor in the mine tailing. With this technology, we can work towards finding out ways in which to minimize the risks involved with the tailings. The deposits of the clay appropriate for lining and covering the deposit should not be located too far away, and the site should be remote from residential areas. Its these basic guidelines, that when followed, make Uranium mining and milling quite safe and not hazardous to the environment or people (taken from OECD NEA 1993, The Safety of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, ch 2)To increase the safety of a tailing deposit area, be it a damn or a pil e, certain management are applied to reduce the risk of hazardous contaminants being released into the environment. Dewatering of the sludge, smoothing of the slopes, and installation of erosion protection. On top of the pile, an appropriate cover should be installed for protection against release of gamma radiation and radon gas, beginning of precipitation, intrusion of the plants and animals, and erosion. This cover in most cases consists of several different layers to meet all requirements.Moreover, the catchement aggregation and treatment of seepage water is necessary to release purified waters to the surface water only. In the long term however, water treatment should no eight-day be necessary. Uranium mining, despite the outcry against the environmental problems it can cause, is quite a positive and good thing for the Australian society. Through the mining and milling process, jobs are created and new skills gained. Unemployment is a big issue in Australia, and by boosting t he employment rate, essentially boosting the economy.Uranium mining also brings Australia currency through exports. In 1997-98 Australian Uranium accounted for 15 per cent of world production, worth about $288 million to Australia. (Lambert et al, 1996, Australias Uranium Resources, BRS (expenditure, early resource) Fig 1. 1 Showing the amount of money Uranium export brings Australia Taken from Australias Uranium and who owns It Briefing Paper (Found at http//www. uic. com. au/nip01. htm) Advancements in mining technology will mean that hazardous contaminants in the Uranium tailings can be removed before the sludge is dumped in dams or piles.By doing so, the sludge piles/dams would be of no hazard to the environment and could be used to fill back up the mining sites. At the moment there are strict laws that govern Australian these laws and mine sites, are in place to minimize the risk of hazardous radiation being released from the waste piles (tailing dams, sludge piles etc). Only the future can ensure what Uranium holds for us. Uranium mining at the present moment has a lot of controversy surrounding it, and the effects on the environment and cultural groups.It has to be realised that the laws governing Uranium Mining in Australia are strict and dictate how Uranium mining is undertaken. This means that there is little to no risk of the tailings being deposited on risky sites, and the risk of hazardous contaminants being released into the environment are small. By being sensitive to the views and culture of the Indigenous people, and involving them in decisions surrounding the mine, it wont be long until mining companies and these people come to an understanding or agreement.

World War 1

Le feu tue (Firepower kills) Henri-Philippe Petain 1916 Verdun. atomic number 18a War 1 is often called the offset printing modern war. During serviceman War 1 many new kinds of weapons and engine room were invented and improved. Some of these weapons included tanks, chemical gases, grenades, and machine guns.Chemical Warfare was used for the first-class honours degree time on a large scale in human beings War I. many advancements were made during the war in the air, on the ground, and in the sea. humankind War 1 started by a conflict and was fought between countries that were equip with modern weapons. Some of these weapons rose and were very powerful like machine guns and former(a)s declined like bayonets. Both weapons and engineering made a drastic impact on World War1.Land battles were more or lessly fought on both the Western and Eastern fronts. Soldiers were surrounded by new technology and weapons that helped throughout the battlefield simply withal drivewayd dan ger/death. Soldiers experienced a great deal of hardship while fighting on the fronts. The western front consisted of small parts in atomic number 63, most of the fighting took over in France and Belgium.The eastern front was made up of battlefields in Eastern Europe, especially in Russia.But on the last twenty-four hours an astonishing number of English field guns opened up on us with high-explosive, drumming ceaselessly on our position, so that we suffered heavily and came back single eighty strong (1.4). Land war started by the use of Machine guns. Machine guns were the first and most famous weapon used in war, they are claimed to be the most dangerous weapon because the killed numerous lives during the war.Machine guns were invented by the Americans, however the idea was stolen by the Germans. Machine guns at the time could fire up to 500 rounds per minute, but they were very heavy and they were very heavy. They had to be used by well trained men who knew how to setup a gun a nd shut up it quickly. Tanks were armored steel plated, belt tired, and heavily armed combat vehicles. First use of tanks on a battlefield was the use of british mark 1 tank at the battle of flers courcelette in 1915. The french soon followed the idea and created renault FT, which established the look of tank we see today.The germans never got to producing their own tanks in WW1. The only german design of war was the A7V. Flamethrowers were first invented by a German inventor named Richard Fiedlar. The flamethrower was designed to be carried on soldiers backs. It had two tanks, one that carried flamm fitted mobile and the other that carried propellant gas. The squeeze of the trigger would send shooting flammable liquid up to 18 meters away, it was a weapon used to shoot biggish flames of fire against its enemies.It was used to burn soldiers and wooden obstacles such as bunkers. The germans used these flamethrowers to attack more than 650 soldiers, mainly the British and French. S mall bombs thrown by bowl over or shot by a rifle attachment were called grenades/bombs. Germans are the ones who created and mostly used these grenades during war.The British made their own model of a grenade but it needed more fetch. By the year of 1917 all troops were required to carry extra grenades to capture and hold them against their enemies. Poisonous gas was introduced by the Germans in 1915. It is toxic smoke that can be very deadly if inhaled by humans. When the gas is inhaled it burns and liquidizes your lungs which causes death. If wind currents occurred while soldiers threw the gas at their enemies then it could intimately be brought back to them and kill them.The only way to avoid the poisonous gas was to urinated on a cloth and hold up to ur mouth and nose. hitherto over time gas mask kits were provided to the soldiers. Airplanes were very recent they were invented by the wright brothers 11 years ago. Airplanes were simple machines, more like to birds than anyth ing else. The first missions were carried out as observation.Most airplanes at the time were slow/flimsy contraptions with barely enough power to lift a single pilot and perhaps one passenger. Airplanes technology developed throughout war they became very important/useful.In the beginning of the war most soldiers used the planes to spy on their enemies strategies. These planes usually carried a pilot and a photographer who would photograph the soldiers positions.The use of planes became very popular during war, it became a crucial part in achieving victories. One of the first contributions in the war was at the first battle of marne were reconnaissance planes spotted a gap in the german lines. The allies attacked the gap and were able to split the german army and drive them back. sensation planes came into the war when they wanted to stop the reconnaissance planes. With more planes in the skies, enemy pilots began to fight to each one other in the air.At first, they tried throwin g grenades at each other or shooting with rifles and pistols. It was useless and it didnt work very well. Pilots soon found out that the best way to shoot down an enemy is to stack a machine gun to the plane. However because the machine gun was mounted to the front of the plane the propeller would get in the way of the bullets. Soon a new invention called the interredur was invented by anton fokker, it allowed the machine gun to be synchronized with propeller, all planes started using this invention. As the war progressed, both sides began to use airplanes to drop bombs on enemy locations.The first planes used for bombings were made by the russians and could only carry small bombs and they were very powerless to attack from the ground. By the end of the war, fast(a)er presbyopic range bombers were built that could carry much larger weight bombs.Germany used zeppelins to drop bombs on targets from far away. These were slow moving but could carry a large load of explosives. Zeppeli ns were filled with hydrogen, so a small spark could blow up the entire aircraft.As the war continued it became useless because of the fast fighter planes that were used.The battles at sea were known as naval battles. These battles mainly took place in the northern sea and the atlantic.World War 1World War 1 was different than any other wars that came before it by that it was the first war fought in on many continents, as well it was the first war where chemical weapons were used, and it was the first total war. The total number of casualties in World War 1 was 37 one thousand million. There were 9 million killed, 20 million wounded and others that werent were most likely dead. The expectations before the war started was a reason why the war began because mickle thought it was going to be a short, bloodless war and that there was going to be easy victory.According to Nial Ferguson, millions of Europeans saw war as the way to save their honor, as well as to solve internal and inter national problems that needed to be resolved. What were the major causes of World War 1 and could it have been avoided? The major causes of World War 1 were economic, quick-witted, political, and geographical causes. If they couldve avoided the war they wouldve avoided it because if they wouldve thought about the consequences that the war was going to bring to them, they wouldve never been involved in it. Document 1 is a graph of comparison of Frances, Englands, and Germanys naval forces from 1890-1910.Document 1 shows a political, economic, and geographic cause for World War 1. All three countries believed in militarism. Militarism is the belief that a country should maintain efficacy and be prepared to use it to defend their country. governings were in conflict and militarism was a way to become superior to other countries. Tension was building up between some European countries. When one country saw that a nonhers countrys military was becoming stronger, the country would b ecome scared and work on getting their military stronger. The chain went on and on like that with several countries.From 1890-1910, France went from 2 million tons to 10 million tons, England went from 10 million tons to 50 millions tons, and Germany went from 1 millions tons to 43 million tons. In order to build there naval forces, it takes a lot of money. The countries would use their colonies and what theyve been able to gain from the industrial revolution. Not only that, but the navy had to fight in different parts of the world. Document 2 is a map of Europe on the eve of World War 1. Document 2 shows a political cause for World War 1. There was two different bail bond systems.There was the triple alliance system and the triple entente cordiale system. The triple alliance system was a treaty between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, these countries were known as the Axis. The triple entente system was an entente between Great Britain, Russia, and France, these countries w ere the central powers. Since these countries had treaties with each other, that meant that, they would have to back each other up in case of a war. As this happened, more and more tension stimulated between the counties that they werent even thinking what could happen if the were to really occur.Everyone expected the war to be short, bloodless, but last they would find out whether that was going to be true or not. Document 3 is an excerpt that outlines accusations against Serbia by Austria-Hungary. Document 3 shows an intellectual cause for World War 1. The authors of this document are Austro-Hungarians, and theyre criticizing Serbian nationalism. Nationalism is a patriotic feeling for your country, it was the big idea of the war. Nationalism can be seen in two different ways, a bomb and a magnet. A magnet symbolizes unification, which in this case is Serbia uniting.A bomb symbolizes destruction, which in this case is Austria-Hungarys imperial power, which could be destroyed. Th e spark to World War 1 was when a Serbian assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his wife. Of course there was a lot of criticism from Austria-Hungary. The Royal Serbian Government has done nothing to repress these movements. It has permitted the criminal machinations or various societies and associations directed against Monarchy Document 4 is a quote. Document 4 shows an intellectual and political cause for World War 1.This quote shows how nationalism and resentment was a cause that led to the war. The French wanted revenge for the loss of territory to Germany and Russia resented the growing find out of Germany in Eastern Europe. and Germany resented the desire of France and England to keep Germany week and underdeveloped. Each country had a lot of pride in their country, and would eventually lead to hating the other countries and not trusting them. Each and county and its government were willing to do anything to make their country look superior.You can say that all countries were very ethnocentric. Ethnocentrism is the belief in the transcendency of ones own ethnic group. Document 5 is a political cartoon. Document 5 shows a political and geographic cause for World War 1. The cartoon shows John Bull representing Great Britain, and hes holding all the colonies that Britain has colonized. Next to him are other figures representing counties like Russia, USA, Italy, France, Turkey and Germany, theyre starting at him almost with hatred. Colonies were a great source of raw materials and market for goods.All of these countries governments were in competition for colonies, it was all about imperialism. Imperialism was the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries. As other countries saw Britain expand, they as well wanted to do the same, therefore resulting in completion, eventually even turning out to be war. Document 6 is two quotes from two secret treaties, one from Bismarck and the other from Nicholas the second . Document 6 shows a political and geographic cause for World War 1.Governments were uniting with other governments, forming alliances, promising to support each other. Countries kept trying to get other territories on their side, which would case a lot of tension. In one of the quotes, Germany claims that they just simply want to protect themselves from Britain, Russia, and France. Austria-Hungary was a very multi-ethnic country and in the second quote they were claiming that they would defend all Slavic peoples, because they were cousins to them. It was like each country started taking sides, creating a lot of tauten.Document 7 is a chart screening colonial possessions in Africa in 1914. Document 7 shows a geographic, political, and economic cause for World War 1. Germany was very resented with how many colonies France and England had taken over, they felt as though they were getting the leftovers, which resulted in them feeling humiliated and being angry. All the countries wa nted to colonize because colonies were a great source of raw materials and market for goods. Germany wanted an empire, and Germany and Italy got late because at first they were divided into city-states.Later on in the mid-19th century, Germany and Italy, alone united their countries, but unfortunately France and Britain had already colonized many countries. As the chart shows, France had colonized 7 countries and England had colonized 9 countries. Germany was left with 4 counties and Italy was left with 3 countries. In conclusion, the powers that fought the war didnt really know what the consequences of the war would be. Millions of people ended up dead and wounded because of World War 1. The economic consequence was that the countries were so destroyed that there was starvation.The consequences for the Tsar of Russia and his country were that, he was killed along with his family and there was a socialist revolution. Empires like Austria-Hungary and Germany collapse. There as a lega cy for the world from the Armenian massacre, it was the first time that genocide was committed against them. The intellectual cause for the lost generation was that they all loose the will to live and theyre afraid of another war. The war sew the seeds for another world war, because of the unjust treaty of Versailles, there was a lot of anger and Hitler used it to gain power, eventually leading to World War 2.

The Devil in the Shape of a Woman

The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen (1987) astutely focuses attention upon the female as delight in compound New England, thus allowing a discussion of bighearteder themes regarding the role and position of wo custody in Puritan society. Karlsens work, which has been well-received, focuses on the position of accused witches as more often than not females placed in precarious social and economic positions, often because they stood to inherit, had inherited, or lost an inheritance in property.Karlsen departs from the idea that women accused of witchcraft were boisterous beggars, a depiction tantamount to blaming the victim (Nissenbaum) and instead points to these inheriting women as being socially vulnerable in a patriarchal culture. Karlsens work is not just now of historical significance to the Salem outbreak of 1692. In fact, that year remains something of an anomaly (Nissenbaum) as one-third of the accused witches then were male compared to less than fifth part o f accusations made otherwise in colonial New England.Instead, Karlsens study brings women strongly back to center stage, locating them in a rich patriarchal hyaloplasm that integrates it with class and family. (Nissenbaum). One reviewer notes that within this context, Karlsen offers significant insights. The first is a look at the ambivalent assessment of women within New Englands culture. (Gildrie). Karlsen finds a scenario attach by its time and place in which women embodied the Puritan ideal of women as virtuous helpmeets (Boyer).In an odd duality, women were both the new stewards of Gods spiritual leadership on earth, while subservient to a Medieval, misogynist gender role which largely placed their fate at the hands of men. Secondly, Karlsen focuses attention on the accusers and finds that they were engaged in a fierce negotiation about the legitimacy of female discontent, resentment, and anger. (Karlsen see Gildrie). Accusations of witchcraft were often an outlet where th is negotiation boiled over into violence, as men persecuted female neighbors who threatened an established, but precarious, social order.The crucial thesis on which much of the book rests is that witchcraft accusations were most often made against women who threatened the cracking transfer of land from father to son a process at best fraught with tension and anxiety and at worst marked by the shift of scarce, valuable properties from one family to another by way of an intervening woman in a patriarchal inheritance system. The possessed girls played a dual role in this symbolic cultural drama in which they rebelled against the social role to which they had been predestined at birth by simultaneously acquiescing in that role by resisting the witch. If nothing else, Karlsens recent work proves that there is still room for substantial study and scholarship surrounding witchcraft, gender, and other issues in colonial New England. One commentator writes, Karlsens study is provocative, w ide-ranging, accessible, and frank. (Lindholt). Another, that the books descriptions and analyses stand on their own as valuable contributions to our knowledge of witch lore and the ambiguous status of women in early New England. (Gildrie).Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, whose Salem Possessed set the standard for social histories of the outbreak in Salem, find that Karlsens work is one of formidable intellectual index and a major contribution to the study of New England witchcraft. It places the central role of women as witches under the microscope and for the first time as the subject of systemic analysis a considerable 300 years after the events transpired. Karlsens work is required reading for the student, scholar, or general reader seeking to understand and interpret the broad picture of colonial witchcraft in New England.